Nonlinear Ultrasonic Wave Propagation in Biological Materials
نویسنده
چکیده
The n o n l i n e a r i t y p a r a m e t e r B / A h a s b e e n d e t e r m i n e d f o r t i s s u e mode l s ( a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n s o f b i o l o g i c a l m a c r o m o l e c u l e s ) a n d f o r e x c i s e d t i s s u e s f r o m measuremen t s o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l p r e s s u r e a m p l i t u d e , a t t h e s o u r c e , and t h e s e c o n d ha rmon ic p r e s s u r e a m p l i t u d e , a s a f u n c t i o n o f d i s t a n c e f rom t h e s o u r c e . The g e n e r a l demeanor o f t h e t i s s u e model r e s u l t s i s t h a t B / A i n c r e a s e s n e a r l y l i n e a r l y w i t h s o l u t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n b u t , f o r a f i x e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n , is r e l a t i v e l y i n s e n s i t i v e t o t h e m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f t h e s o l u t e i n o l e c u l e s . Whole mammalian b l o o d , whose d r y w e i q h t c o n s i s t s l a r g e l y o f p r o t e i n , e x h i b i t s a B / A v a l u e e s s e n t i a l l y t h a t o f p r o t e i n s o l u t i o n s o f t h e same d r y w e i g h t c o n c e n t r a t i o n . E x c i s e d mammalian l i v e r y i e l d s a B / A v a l u e s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r t h a n b l o o d , b u t h o m o g e n i z a t i o n of t h e t i s s u e s u b s t a n t i a l l y r e d u c e s t h i s B / A v a l u e . T h e s e f i n d i n g s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n s become more n o n l i n e a r a s t h e s p a c i n g d i s t a n c e be tween s o l u t e m o l e c u l e s d e c r e a s e s and t h a t t i s s u e a r c h i t e c t u r e c o n t r i b u t e s t o n o n l i n e a r b e h a v i o r . I t i s f e l t t h a t d e t a i l s o f n o n l i n e a r u l t r a s o n i c p r o p a g a t i o n i n l i v i n g s y s t e m s s h o u l d c o n t r i b u t e t o f u r t h e r improvement o f c l i n i c a l d i a g n o s t i c and t h e r a p e u t i c p r o c e d u r e s . I N T R O D U C T I O N The u s e o f u l t r a s o n i c e n e r q y i n m e d i c a l d i a g n o s i s and t h e r a p y c o n t i n u e s t o i n c r e a s e . I n d i a g n o s i s it i s d e s i r e d t o o b t a i n a c c u r a t e and c o m p l e t e i n f o r m a t i o n o f a medium, by u l t r a s o n i c means , w i t h o u t e f f e c t i n g c h a n g e s i n t h a t medium. I n t h e r a p e u t i c s i t i s e s s e n t i a l t o know how t o p r e d i c t t h e r e s p o n s e o f a medium t o u l t r a s o n i c e x p o s u r e and t o b e a b l e t o d e t e r m i n e a c c u r a t e l y d e p o s i t i o n of e n e r g y i n t h e medium. F o r b o t h t h e s e p u r p o s e s , i t i s o f i m p o r t a n c e t o know i n d e t a i l t h e manner i n which u l t r a s o n i c e n e r g y p r o p a q a t e s t h r o u g h b i o l o g i c a l med ia . I t i s w e l l known t h a t t h e f undamenta 1 mechanisms of sound p r o p a q a t i o n i n f l u i d media a r e n o n l i n e a r [ l l . Because o f t h e a n a l y t i c c o m D l e x i t i e s o f d e a l i n g w i t h n o n l i n e a r phenomena, and b e c a u s e a l a r g e c l a s s of a c o u s t i c phenomena may b e so t r e a t e d p r a q m a t i c a 1 l y , l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p s h a v e b e e n assumed t o b e a p p l i c a b l e [ 2 ] . However , e x p e r i m e n t a l e v i d e n c e i s a c c u m u l a t i n g t o i n d i c a t e t h a t s u c h t r e a t m e n t may n o t a l w a y s b e a p p r o p r i a t e [3-61. The n o n l i n e a r i t y i s d u e i n p a r t t o t h e d e v i a t i o n of t h e medium f r o m l i n e a r p r e s s u r e d e n s i t y b e h a v i o r and i n p a r t t o t h e a m p l i t u d e o f t h e a c o u s t i c wave d i s t u r b a n c e . If t h e e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e i s r e p r e s e n t e d a s a T a y l o r ' s s e r i e s and o n l y t h e q u a d r a t i c and l i n e a r t e r m s c o n s i d e r e d , t h e r a t i o % / A o f t h e s e , r e s p e c t i v e , c o e f f i c i e n t s may b e employed a s t h e p a r a m e t e r t o d e s c r i b e t h e n o n l i n e a r i t y o f t h e medium. A s a r e s u l t of t h i s n o n l i n e a r i t y , a n o r i g i n a l l y s i n u s o i d a l wave becomes d i s t o r t e d a s it p r o p a g a t e s away f rom t h e s o u r c e . The amount o f d i s t o r t i o n i n c r e a s e s w i t h t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e wave, t h e d i s t a n c e t r a v e l e d , and t h e f r e q u e n c y o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l . I n t h e f r e q u e n c y domain , t h e d i s t o r t i o n p r o c e s s i m p l i e s t h e g e n e r a t i o n o f h a r m o n i c s a t t h e e x p e n s e o f e n e r g y e x t r a c t e d from t h e f undamen ta l . S i n c e h i g h f r e q u e n c y componen t s o f a n a c o u s t i c wave a r e a b s o r b e d more r e a d i l y t h a n a r e t h e l o w e r f r e q u e n c y components , t h e e f f e c t i v e a b s o r p t i o n of t h e d i s t o r t e d wave i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t o f a monochromat ic wave of t h e f u n d a m e n t a l f r e q u e n c y . B e c a u s e of t h e g r e a t e r a b s o r p t i o n , t h e r a t e o f e n e r g y d e p o s i t i o n w i t h i n t h e p r o p a g a t i n g medium, and t h e c o n s e q u e n t h e a t d e v e l o p m e n t , from a d i s t o r t e d wave i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t from a n u n d i s t o r t e d wave. For v e r y i n t e n s e waves, t h e i n c r e a s e d a b s o r p t i o n of t h e wave l e a d s t o a c o u s t i c s a t u r a t i o n , l i m i t i n s t h e a m p l i t u d e o f t h e p r o p a g a t i n q a c o u s t i c r a d i a t i o n [l]. 0090-5607/81/oooO-0527 $00.75 @ 1981 IEEE 1981 ULTRASONICS SYMPOSIUM 527
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